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The Calvin Cycle
After the energy from the sun is converted and packaged into ATP and NADPH, the…
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The Light-Dependent Reactions of Photosynthesis
How can light be used to make food? It is easy to think of light…
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Introduction to Photosynthesis
Figure 5.1 This sage thrasher’s diet, like that of almost all organisms, depends on photosynthesis.…
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Anaerobic Cellular Respiration
Certain prokaryotes, including some species of bacteria and Archaea, use anaerobic respiration. For example, the…
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Fermentation
In aerobic respiration, the final electron acceptor is an oxygen molecule, O2. If aerobic respiration…
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Citric Acid Cycle and Oxidative Phosphorylation
The Citric Acid Cycle In eukaryotic cells, the pyruvate molecules produced at the end of…
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Glycolysis
You have read that nearly all of the energy used by living things comes to them…
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ATP in Living Systems
A living cell cannot store significant amounts of free energy. Excess free energy would result…
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Electrons and Energy
The removal of an electron from a molecule, oxidizing it, results in a decrease in…
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Glycolysis
Energy production within a cell involves many coordinated chemical pathways. Most of these pathways are…