Hormonal Control of Osmoregulatory Functions
While the kidneys operate to maintain osmotic balance and blood pressure in the body, they…
Nitrogenous Wastes
Of the four major macromolecules in biological systems, both proteins and nucleic acids contain nitrogen.…
Excretion Systems
Microorganisms and invertebrate animals use more primitive and simple mechanisms to get rid of their…
The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs
Although the kidneys are the major osmoregulatory organ, the skin and lungs also play a…
Osmotic Regulation and Excretion
Figure 22.1. Just as humans recycle what we can and dump the remains into landfills,…
Blood Flow and Blood Pressure Regulation
Blood pressure (BP) is the pressure exerted by blood on the walls of a blood vessel…
Arteries, Veins, and Capillaries
The blood from the heart is carried through the body by a complex network of…
Mammalian Heart and Blood Vessels
The heart is a complex muscle that pumps blood through the three divisions of the…
Components of the Blood
Hemoglobin is responsible for distributing oxygen, and to a lesser extent, carbon dioxide, throughout the…
The Circulatory System
Figure 21.1. Just as highway systems transport people and goods through a complex network, the…