Mammalian Heart and Blood Vessels
The heart is a complex muscle that pumps blood through the three divisions of the…
Components of the Blood
Hemoglobin is responsible for distributing oxygen, and to a lesser extent, carbon dioxide, throughout the…
The Circulatory System
Figure 21.1. Just as highway systems transport people and goods through a complex network, the…
Transport of Gases in Human Bodily Fluids
Once the oxygen diffuses across the alveoli, it enters the bloodstream and is transported to…
The Work of Breathing
The number of breaths per minute is the respiratory rate. On average, under non-exertion conditions, the…
The Mechanics of Human Breathing
Boyle’s Law is the gas law that states that in a closed space, pressure and…
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Gas Pressure and Respiration
The respiratory process can be better understood by examining the properties of gases. Gases move…
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Gas Exchange across Respiratory Surfaces
The structure of the lung maximizes its surface area to increase gas diffusion. Because of…
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Lungs: Bronchi and Alveoli
The end of the trachea bifurcates (divides) to the right and left lungs. The lungs…