Posted inMicrobiology
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Human Reproduction
As in all animals, the adaptations for reproduction in humans are complex. They involve specialized…
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Development and Organogenesis
The process by which an organism develops from a single-celled zygote to a multi-cellular organism…
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Fertilization
The fusion of a sperm and an egg is a process called fertilization. This can…
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Sexual Reproduction
Sexual reproduction is the combination of reproductive cells from two individuals to form genetically unique…
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Introduction to Animal Reproduction and Development
Figure 13.1 Female seahorses produce eggs that are then fertilized by the male. Unlike with…
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Disruptions in the Immune System
A functioning immune system is essential for survival, but even the sophisticated cellular and molecular…
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Mucosal Immune System
The innate and adaptive immune responses compose the systemic immune system (affecting the whole body),…
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The Lymphatic System
Lymph is the watery fluid that bathes tissues and organs and contains protective white blood…
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Immunological Memory
The adaptive immune system has a memory component that allows for a rapid and large…
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Cell-Mediated Immunity
Unlike B cells, T lymphocytes are unable to recognize pathogens without assistance. Instead, dendritic cells…