Posted inMicrobiology
Primary Centers of the Immune System
Although the immune system is characterized by circulating cells throughout the body, the regulation, maturation,…
Mucosal Surfaces and Immune Tolerance
The innate and adaptive immune responses discussed thus far comprise the systemic immune system (affecting…
Adaptive Immune Response
The adaptive, or acquired, immune response takes days or even weeks to become established—much longer…
Phagocytosis and Inflammation
The first cytokines to be produced are pro-inflammatory; that is, they encourage inflammation, the localized redness,…
The Immune System
Figure 23.1. In this compound light micrograph purple-stained neutrophil (upper left) and eosinophil (lower right)…
Hormonal Control of Osmoregulatory Functions
While the kidneys operate to maintain osmotic balance and blood pressure in the body, they…
Nitrogenous Wastes
Of the four major macromolecules in biological systems, both proteins and nucleic acids contain nitrogen.…
Excretion Systems
Microorganisms and invertebrate animals use more primitive and simple mechanisms to get rid of their…
The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs
Although the kidneys are the major osmoregulatory organ, the skin and lungs also play a…
Osmotic Regulation and Excretion
Figure 22.1. Just as humans recycle what we can and dump the remains into landfills,…