Female Reproductive Anatomy
A number of reproductive structures are exterior to the female’s body. These include the breasts…
Human Reproductive Anatomy and Gametogenesis
As animals became more complex, specific organs and organ systems developed to support specific functions…
Animal Reproduction and Development
Figure 24.1. Female seahorses produce eggs for reproduction that are then fertilized by the male.…
Disruptions in the Immune System
A functioning immune system is essential for survival, but even the sophisticated cellular and molecular…
Antibodies
An antibody, also known as an immunoglobulin (Ig), is a protein that is produced by plasma…
Primary Centers of the Immune System
Although the immune system is characterized by circulating cells throughout the body, the regulation, maturation,…
Mucosal Surfaces and Immune Tolerance
The innate and adaptive immune responses discussed thus far comprise the systemic immune system (affecting…
Adaptive Immune Response
The adaptive, or acquired, immune response takes days or even weeks to become established—much longer…
Phagocytosis and Inflammation
The first cytokines to be produced are pro-inflammatory; that is, they encourage inflammation, the localized redness,…
The Immune System
Figure 23.1. In this compound light micrograph purple-stained neutrophil (upper left) and eosinophil (lower right)…