Two or more reactions in a cell sometimes can be coupled so that thermodynamically unfavorable…

The second law of thermodynamics states that the universe (i.e. all systems) tend to the…

Stated simply; The total energy of the universe does not change. This does not mean…

The kinetic isotope effect (KIE) is a phenomenon associated with isotopically substituted molecules exhibiting different reaction rates. Isotope…

Kinetic products form the fastest. They usually occur at or below 0°C. This is also…

The principle of microscopic reversibility applies to any molecular process; it is inferred from the…

What exactly is a reaction intermediate? A reaction intermediate is formed from the reactants in a chemical…

The transition state of a chemical reaction is a particular configuration along the reaction coordinate. It is defined as the…

we introduced the enolates of aldehydes and ketones (review) and looked at their reactions as C nucleophiles…

Water the Destroyer Imagine that water, the stuff you drink everyday, is actually a superhero…