The adaptive, or acquired, immune response takes days or even weeks to become established—much longer…

The first cytokines to be produced are pro-inflammatory; that is, they encourage inflammation, the localized redness,…

Figure 23.1.  In this compound light micrograph purple-stained neutrophil (upper left) and eosinophil (lower right)…

While the kidneys operate to maintain osmotic balance and blood pressure in the body, they…

Of the four major macromolecules in biological systems, both proteins and nucleic acids contain nitrogen.…

Microorganisms and invertebrate animals use more primitive and simple mechanisms to get rid of their…

Although the kidneys are the major osmoregulatory organ, the skin and lungs also play a…

Figure 22.1.  Just as humans recycle what we can and dump the remains into landfills,…

Blood pressure (BP) is the pressure exerted by blood on the walls of a blood vessel…

The blood from the heart is carried through the body by a complex network of…